Shipping container having a flame retardant layer and a thermal blocking layer

ABSTRACT

A shipping container for shipping thermally active materials includes a plurality of structural panels that define a container interior, and are configured for receiving the thermally active materials. The container also includes an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is disposed. A thermal barrier member is placeable between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the container is placed. The thermal barrier includes a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier external panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity. A flowable polymer based heat absorbing material is disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity. The thermal barrier is configured to substantially surround the thermally active materials to reduce the passage of thermal energy between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is disposed.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The instant application is a continuation of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 14/836,591 filed on 26 Aug. 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,631,773, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/042,236 that was filed on 26 Aug. 2014, and both of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

I. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to containers and packaging materials, and more particularly to a container having a thermal barrier member for reducing the transfer of heat from and/or to the container.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With the proliferation of electrically operated portable ‘gadgets,” the number of batteries sold to power these gadgets has mushroomed proportionately. One type of battery whose sales have increased dramatically over the past 10 years is lithium batteries. For example, it is estimated that about 4 million dollars of lithium batteries were sold in 1996, and that about 4 billion dollars in lithium batteries were sold in 2014.

Lithium batteries have advantages over the alkaline batteries that they usually replace. Because since lithium is a very active material, it tends to provide greater power relative to the amount of material used in a battery. Additionally, the lithium discharge curve is longer and flatter than alkaline, thus providing consistent higher voltage to the life of the battery.

These characteristics enable a gadget manufacturer to reduce the size of batteries of equivalent power required to operate the gadget, or alternately to provide a greater amount of power in a battery in a determined size.

Although lithium batteries are more expensive than alkaline, they have especially good performance characteristics when used in small devices or those requiring a large amount of reserve power, such as cameras and smartphones.

The term “lithium battery” refers to a class of batteries that include cathodes or electrolytes that contain either metallic lithium or a lithium compound. The two primary categories of lithium batteries include lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries.

There are several important differences between the lithium batteries and the lithium ion batteries. The most important practical difference between the two is that lithium batteries are not rechargable, whereas lithium ion batteries are rechargable. From a chemical standpoint, lithium batteries use lithium in its pure metallic form, whereas lithium ion batteries use lithium compounds that are much more stable than the elemental lithium used in lithium batteries. Although lithium batteries should never be recharged, lithium ion batteries are designed to be recharged hundreds of times.

Another advantage of lithium batteries as compared to other rechargeable such as nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries or nickel cadmium batteries is that lithium batteries have a higher energy density than most types of other rechargeables. As such, for their size and weight, lithium ion batteries can store more energy than nickel based rechargeable batteries.

Additionally, lithium ion batteries operate at higher voltages than other rechargeable batteries, which enables single cell batteries to be used in many applications whereas a nickel metal hydride or nickel cadmium batteries would require multiple cells. Further lithium batteries have a lower self discharge rate than other types of rechargeable batteries, and therefor retain their charge for a longer period of time. In summary, lithium ion batteries can be made to be smaller, lighter, have a high voltage and hold a charge much longer than other types of rechargeable batteries.

Unfortunately, lithium batteries also have certain disadvantages when compared to other batteries. For example, lithium batteries can be more expensive to manufacture than alkaline and nickel based batteries. Another disadvantage of the use of lithium batteries is that they have a greater potential to catch fire than nickel based batteries.

It is believed that the root cause of the propensity of lithium ion batteries to catch fire is a failure or flaw in the separators within the batteries. Lithium batteries contain extremely thin separators that keep the elements in the battery apart. When these separators fail to function properly, the battery can fail and catch fire. These “bad separator” failures can result from poor design, manufacturing flaws, external damage induced on the battery, poor battery pack design, insufficient or inadequate protection being engineered into the design of the battery, and over charging.

The internal short circuit that results from damage to the thin separator results in the subsequent build up of heat. This build up of heat in a particular battery can trigger what is known as a thermal runaway in which the battery will overheat and bursts into flames, and thereby ignites adjacent batteries in much the same manner that a lit match within a pack of matches will ignite adjacent matches if the lit match gets close to the adjacent unlit matches.

In this regard, it has been recorded that lithium-ion batteries ignite at about 953 degrees F., and can reach temperatures that exceed 1100 degrees F. while burning. As such, a burning lithium ion battery can generally generate enough heat to cause adjacent batteries to also ignite.

This ability of batteries to ignite other batteries is referred to as a “thermal runaway”. One factor that exacerbates thermal runaway is that lithium batteries are capable of burning and igniting without the presence of oxygen. As such, placing the batteries in an evacuated container, or a sealed container will not prevent the batteries within the container from engaging in a thermal runaway and thereby overheating the container.

Instances have been reported where a multi-battery container engaged in thermal runaway caused an adjacent multi-battery containing containers to get hot enough so as to ignite the lithium batteries contained within.

This propensity to catch fire can increase the risk to shippers who transport lithium batteries, especially when the batteries are shipped on board an aircraft. The increased risks of transporting the batteries increases the cost of transporting the batteries.

Transportation costs can contribute significantly to the cost of the batteries, especially in view of the fact that most batteries are sold today are manufactured in China, but may be used in distant markets, such as the North American and European markets.

A thermal runaway can create an especially problematic situation in an airplane that is carrying a load of batteries. Testing conducted by the FAA Wiliman J. Hughes Technical Center (“FAA Tech Center”) indicates that there are particular propagation characteristics that are associated with the lithium batteries. The chain reaction thermal runaway can lead to self-heating and release of a battery's stored energy. In a fire situation, air temperature in a cargo compartment fire may rise above the auto ignition temperature of lithium. As discussed above these high temperatures can ignite and propagates ignition of adjacent batteries, and thereby create a risk of a catastrophic fire event in the cargo compartment.

Although improvements in lithium ion battery construction have made such thermal runaway extremely rare, the risk of a thermal runaway still exists.

Various attempts have been made to control thermal runaway. Most of these attempts have centered around the use of fire retardants or liquid suppression products technologies.

The underlying theory behind these attempts is to extinguish fire, and thereby reduce the effective number of burning batteries before the fires spread to adjacent batteries and/or adjacent containers and batteries, instead of preventing the first or thermal runaways from occurring. Unfortunately, these prior attempts have not been wholly successful in preventing thermal runaway with lithium batteries.

It will be appreciated that it would be useful to have a container that could limit the impact of such fires and explosions by providing a thermal barrier that reduces the heat transfer between adjacent containers, and thereby reduces the amount and size of the thermal runaway, and thereby reduce the heat and pressure generated in an area by the thermal runaway.

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) or hydrogels are loosely cross-linked, three-dimensional networks of flexible polymer chains that carry dissociated, ionic functional groups. They are basically the materials that can absorb fluids of greater than 15 times their own dried weight, either under load or without load, such as water, electrolyte solution, synthetic urine, brines, biological fluids such as urine sweat, and blood. They are polymers which are characterized by hydrophilicity containing carboxylic acid, carboxamide, hydroxyl, amine, imide groups and so on, insoluble in water, and are cross-linked polyelectrolytes. Because of their ionic nature and interconnected structure, they absorb large quantities of water and other aqueous solutions without dissolving by solvation of water molecules via hydrogen bonds, increasing the entropy of the network to make the SAPs swell tremendously.

The factors that supply absorbing power to polymers are osmotic pressure, based on movable counter-ions, and affinity between the polymer electrolyte and water. The factor that suppresses absorbing power, in contrast, is found in the elasticity of the gel resulting from its network structure. Not only are they of high fluid absorbing capacity, but the absorbed fluid is hard to release, as they merely immobilize the fluid by entrapment rather than by holding it in the structure. Process for their preparation are described, for example, in S. Kiatkamjornwong, “Superabsorbent Polymers and Superabsorbent Polymer Compositions, ScienceAsia, 33 Supplement 1 (2007): 39-43 and M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr and K. Kabiri, “Superabsorbent Polymer Materials: A Review,” Iranian Polymer Journal, 17(6), (2008), 451-477.

There are a number of US patents that address the use of particulate superabsorbent dry polymers for use in fire prevention and fire extinguishing, including: von Blucher U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,460; von Blucher U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,110; and Pascente U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,210.

III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A shipping container is configured for shipping thermally active materials. The shipping container comprises a plurality off structural panels defining a container interior and configured for receiving the thermally active materials. The container also includes an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed. The thermal barrier member is placeable between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the container is placed. The thermal barrier includes a thermal barrier interior panel and a third barrier exterior panel that define a heat absorbing material receiving cavity. A flowable polymer based heat absorbing material is disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity. The thermal barrier is configured to substantially surround the thermally actively materials to reduce the passage of thermal energy between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is disposed.

In a preferred embodiment, the shipping container can include a pressure relief member for permitting pressure generated by the thermally active materials to be vented to the exterior of the container.

In another preferred embodiment, a shipping container includes a partition member disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity. The partition member defines a series of cells that are configured for receiving and holding the flowable polymer based heat absorbing material, so that the heat absorbing material is dispersed throughout the heat absorbing material receiving cavity.

In a most preferred embodiment, the thermally active materials comprise lithium batteries, and the thermal barrier is capable of maintaining an environment in which the shipping container is placed at less than about 950 degrees during a sustained burning of the batteries disposed within the container interiorly of the thermal barrier.

In one embodiment, the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer.

In another embodiment, the polymer-based heat absorbing material consists essentially of a superabsorbent polymer.

In another embodiment, the polymer-based heat absorbing material consists of a superabsorbent polymer.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is hydrated with water.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is dry.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a homopolymer.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a copolymer.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is cationic (a basic water-absorbing resin).

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is anionic (an acidic water-absorbing resin).

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polymer of hydrophilic monomers containing a carboxylic acid or acid, acid anhydride group, or sulfonic acid group.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polymer of hydrophilic monomers containing a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid ester, hydroxyl, amide, amine, nitrile, or quaternary ammonium salt group.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polymer of hydrophilic monomers selected from the group consisting of: acrylamide, an acrylic acid derivative, maleic acid anhydride, itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethyl acrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-tert-butyl amino ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and a 2-acrylamido-2 methylpropanesulfonic acid derivative.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a copolymer of acrylamide and an acrylic acid derivative.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymer.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylamide.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylate.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a guar gum.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is cross-linked.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is cross-linked with an oil.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is cross-linked with mineral oil.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is formulated as an emulsion.

In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises water and an oil.

In another embodiment, the oil is mineral oil.

In another embodiment, the emulsion comprises water, oil, and superabsorbent polymer cross-linked with mineral oil.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is formulated as a paste.

In another embodiment, the paste comprises oil and water.

In another embodiment, the oil is mineral oil.

In another embodiment, the paste comprises water, oil, and superabsorbent polymer cross-linked with mineral oil.

In another embodiment, the polymer-based heat absorbing material is NOCHAR's P215branmd heat absorbing material

It will be appreciated that all allowable combinations of the above embodiments, together with other embodiments described elsewhere within this document, are contemplated as further embodiments of the invention.

IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a side view of a shipping container of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a sectional view taken along lines 1B-1B of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 1B except that cartons of batteries are shown in the interior of the container;

FIG. 1D is a top view of the shipping container illustrated in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2A is a top view of the partition member that includes a plurality of cells in which a heat absorbing material of the present invention is received;

FIG. 2B is a sectional view taken along lines 2B-2B of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a sectional view, generally similar to FIG. 2B of the thermal barrier, wherein the inner and outer panel members are joined together to form a heat receiving material cavity wherein the partition member and heat absorbing material are contained;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view that illustrates the molecular make up of an outer layer of the container;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a partition member of the present invention, showing the heat absorbing material contained within some of the cells;

FIG. 5 is the schematic cross-sectional view of a panel of a container of one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an end view of the first alternate embodiment shipping container of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a front view of the alternate embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a top view of the alternate embodiment container shown in FIG. 6; and

FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along the upper left-hand corner of FIG. 7.

V. DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

As best shown in the figures, a shipping container 10 is configured for shipping thermally active materials, such as cases 12 of batteries 14. Although thermal activity can take a wide variety of both heating and cooling functionalities, the primary thermal activity materials for which the shipping container 10 of the present invention is designed, are thermally active materials such as batteries 14, and especially lithium and lithium ion batteries (collectively “lithium batteries” herein) that have a propensity (although rare) to combust, and engage in thermal runaways as discussed above. Burning lithium batteries combust at a temperature that is sufficient to cause other batteries to combust, including batteries in known adjacent shipping containers.

The shipping container 10 of the present invention is designed to provide a thermal barrier that will prevent thermally active materials, such as burning batteries, from generating enough heat in the environment E of the shipping container 10, to cause combustion of adjacent shipping containers 10, and the materials adjacent to the particular shipping container 10 in which the burning batteries are contained.

The shipping container 10 includes a plurality of structural panels 16 that define a container interior 18 that is configured for receiving the thermally active batteries 14.

The structural panels 16 also include an exterior, such as exterior surface 20 that is disposed adjacent to an environment E, in which the shipping container 10 is placed. Normally, the environment E will comprise the cargo hold of a transportation vehicle, such as a truck, airplane or ship. Alternately, the environment E could comprise an interior space of a larger container so that the shipping container 10 comprised a “container within a container”, if such an arrangement were believed to be desireable.

A thermal barrier member 26 is provided for placement between the thermally active batteries 14 and the environment E to which the shipping container 10 is placed. The thermal barrier member 26 includes a thermal barrier interior panel 28, and a thermal barrier exterior panel 32. The thermal interior panel 28 and thermal exterior panel 32 define a heat absorbing material receiving cavity 34, into which a flowable polymer heat absorbing material 36 can be placed. The nature and composition of the flowable polymer heat absorbing material 36 will be described in more detail below.

Preferably, the polymer based heat absorbing material is a flowable paste material, that has a generally high viscosity, such as a paste. From a chemical standpoint, the flowable polymer should be the type of compound referred to as a “super absorbent” that is capable of absorbing and holding a large quantity of water in an emulsion.

The flowable, polymer based heat absorbing material 36 is disposed within the heat absorbing material cavity 34. The thermal barrier 26 is configured to substantially surround and encase the thermally active batteries 14, to reduce the passage of thermal energy between the interior 18 of the shipping container 10 in which the batteries 14 are placed, and the environment E in which the shipping container 10 is disposed.

The shipping container 10 includes a structural portion that includes a plurality of structural panels 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the shipping container 10 has a configuration that is generally rectangularly cuboid, and that is designed similarly to a box designed for holding a case of typewriter paper. In particular, the shipping container structural portion includes a base portion 42 and a lid portion 44. The base portion 42 includes four vertical side walls including first side wall 46, second side wall 48, third wall 50 and fourth side wall 52. A generally horizontally disposed bottom or base wall 54 has four edges, each of which is connected to one of the four side walls 46-52 respectively.

Each of the four side walls 46, 48, 50, 52 includes first and second side edges that are coupled to adjacent side walls, and a bottom edge that is connected to the base wall 54. Depending upon the particular construction of the base portion 42, the side walls 46-52 and base wall 54 can be unitarily formed, as they are in a cardboard box, or vacuum formed or stamped plastic container; or alternately, can comprise separable panels of chip board, lumber, metal plate or some other material that are joined along their respective side edges.

The lid member 44 is formed generally similarly to the base portion 44, except that it has a slightly longer width and length, and a slightly shorter side wall portion. The lid includes a horizontally disposed top panel or wall 58, having four edges. First 60, second 62, third (not shown) and fourth 66 side wall skirts each include an edge that is coupled to the side edge of the top panel 58. The side wall skirts 60-66 extend in a plane that is generally perpendicular to the plane of the horizontally disposed top wall 58, and extend downwardly a sufficient distance so that when the lid 44 is attached to the base 42, the lower ends of the skirt members 60-66 overlap the upper portions of the side wall portions 46-52 of the base member 42.

The thermal barrier member 24 includes a lid portion 70 that is formed separately from the primary body of the thermal barrier 24. The lid portion 70 is formed to be generally identical to the remainder of the thermal barrier 24, and is disposed along the interior surface of the side wall 60, 66 and horizontally disposed top wall 58 of the lid portion 44, so that when the lid 44 is engaged to the base 42, and combustible materials such as batteries 14 are placed within the interior battery receiving area 18 of the container 10, the combustible materials such as batteries 14 are completely surrounded and encased by a thermal barrier 24.

In a preferred embodiment, the lid 42 is sized so that a small gap exists between the four vertical wall skirts 58 (not shown), 64, 66 and the four side walls 46-52 of the base member 44. The small gap allows a certain amount of gas to exit or vent from the interior cavity 18 while still allowing the lid 44 to be secured to the base 42 and the side walls.

Preferably, some sort of latching mechanism is provided to help secure the lid 44 to the base 42. The latching mechanism can comprise anyone of a variety of latching mechanisms, from traditional latches or locks to strap members that surround the base 42 and lid 44, similar to the straps that are employed on writing paper cases.

In the case of a lithium battery fire, a pressure pulse may be given off when batteries explode within the interior 18. The gas and pressure created by this pressure pulse are preferably allowed to escape the container 10 in order to ensure that the container 10 is not compromised by the pressure pulse.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the base 42 and lid 44 are manufactured from a chip board. Chip board is an engineered wood product that is typically manufactured from wood chips, saw mill shavings or even sawdust and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder that is pressed and extruded. In one form, the binder is configured to absorb water molecules.

FIG. 3 illustrates a small segment of chip board of the type that can be used in the container 10 of the present invention. The chip board segment 22 is shown that includes a first retardant that is infused into the chip board. The fire retardant 76 preferably comprises a polymer based heat absorbing material, that is similar to the polymer based heat absorbing material that is used in the thermal barrier 24 and that is discussed in more detail below.

The first retardant heat absorbing polymer based material 76 is infused into the chip board 22, that includes a plurality of chip board molecules 74 that have been infused with the plurality of chip board molecules 72 that have been infused with a plurality of polymer based heat absorbing material molecules 74.

In the preferred form as described in more detail below, heat absorbing material is polymer based, is non-toxic, and is a non-hazardous polymer heat absorbing material that is designed for unsealed natural fiber materials and products, such as the chip board 22. The preferred fire retardant 76 is described in more detail below, and can be purchased by NOCHAR, Inc., under the trademark NOCHAR's fire preventer (“NFP”). NFP may be applied to the chip board 22 by spray, curtain coating, thermal dip, vacuum chamber, roller coating or soaking.

NFP is a water soluable product that uses water as a carrier to penetrate the chip board 22. The water is then dried or driven off leaving the actual heat absorbing material 76 in place within the chip board 22.

As will be described in more detail below also, the NFP increases the first safety of materials and products treated by increasing the temperature and amount of kilicalories of input heat required for ignition, reducing the rate of heat release after ignition, and slowing the rate of the flame spread.

The NFP purchased by NOCHAR, Inc., can be added to bonding agents, adhesives and sealants.

The thermal barrier member 24 of the present invention is shown in the figure as including a base portion 27, that lines the base 42 of the container 10, and a lid portion 29 that lines the lid.

Alternately, the thermal barrier 24 can comprise a unitary, sack-like member that is placed in the container, that includes a cavity 18 therein into which the cartons 40 of heat combustible materials 14 can be placed.

Importantly, the thermal barrier 24 should be designed so that it encloses or encases the combustible materials such as batteries 14. Additionally, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A-D and 2A-C, the thermal barrier 24 should include a pressure relief member, that may comprise a traditional pressure relief valve or a gap as described above so that built up pressure caused by combustion or other thermal activity can be vented from the interior 18 of the container to the exterior of the container.

The shipping container 10 includes a thermal barrier inner interior panel 28 that is coupled to a thermal barrier outer panel 32, to form a heat absorbing material receiving cavity 34. The thermal barrier exterior panel and interior panel 28, 32 should be made from a fire resistant material capable of absorbing or withstanding high temperatures without being compromised or melting. Additionally, the material from which the interior 28 and 32 panels is made should be designed to be non-combustible, and sturdy enough to securely hold the heat absorbing thermal barrier material contained within the cavity 34 without ripping, tearing or the like.

-   -   An example of a material that would work well in this situation         is a thin aluminum sheet material.     -   When designing materials for the shipping container 10, and the         thermal barrier 24, one seeks a balance of qualities and         characteristics. As shipping costs are often calculated as a         function of weight, one would like to choose the lightest weight         materials possible, so as to save on shipping costs. On the         other hand, it is important to have a shipping container that is         sturdy enough so as to withstand the rough treatment that         shipping containers often receive during transit. Preferably,         the shipping container can be sturdy enough so that it could be         reused on multiple occasions.     -   As discussed in more detail below, a preferred thermal barrier         material comprises a paste in consistency. As a paste is a         flowable material, the materials from which the external panels         28, 32 are made, should be sturdy enough so that it will not be         breached easily, as a breach may cause the flowable heat         absorbing material to leak out of the interior receiving cavity         34 of the thermal barrier. As such, a thin foil, while weight         saving, may not be sturdy enough to easily prevent such         breaches. Therefore, a thickened foil or sheeting of a metal         material such as aluminum is likely to be more preferred than         the use of foil.     -   A partition member 38 is placed within the interior heat         absorbing material receiving cavity 34 of a thermal barrier. The         partition member, as shown in FIG. 2A, comprises a lattice work         member of a generally rigid material, such as metal or plastic         that includes a series of apertures or cells 80 having hollow         interiors into which the heat absorbing flowable polymer 36 can         be placed. The purpose of the partition member 38 is to better         disperse the heat absorbing polymer 36 contained within the         cells over the entire surface area of the thermal barrier. As         will be appreciated, the flowable nature of the thermal barrier         material would likely result in the heat absorbing polymer based         material aggregating and collecting under the influence of         gravity, in the lower portions of the cavity 34. By employing         the partition member 38, the paste like heat absorbing material         will be retained and dispersed over the entire area of the         thermal barrier.     -   As shown in FIG. 1C, a plurality of thermal barrier segments can         be used, such as thermal barrier segment 84 and 88 that are         disposed adjacent to the side walls 48, 52 of the structural         member 16, and thermal barrier panel 88 that is disposed         adjacent to the base panel 54 of the structural member 16.         Additionally, a base panel segment 90 can be provided that is         positioned adjacent to the underside interior surface of the top         panel 58.     -   A primary factor that influences the shape of the various         thermal barrier segments 84-90 is the rigidity (or lack thereof)         of the partition member 38. For example, if one were to use a         generally rigid planarly configured partition member 38, it is         likely that the barrier panel 24 itself will take on a planar or         mat like configuration. However, if one were to use a more         flexible or formed partition member 38, one could construct a         thermal barrier 24 of any shape into which one could bend, mold         or otherwise configure the partition member 38.     -   To create the top panel thermal barrier member 90, one could         take a generally planar partition member 38 that was sized and         configured to have a size and shape generally similar to the         size and shape of top panel 58. To this generally planarly         disposed partition member 38, one could then affix skirt         partition members to the primary partition member at 90 degrees         thereto, so that the skirt partition members could be disposed         adjacent to the skirts 62, 66 of the lid member 58.     -   The various cells within the partition member 38 could then be         filled with the flowable heat absorbing material.     -   In operation, the flowable heat absorbing paste helps to resist         the propagation of fire to adjacent containers, by absorbing the         heat generated by a fire within the interior 18 of the container         10. As such, even though the temperature within the container         may be above the 953 degree threshold combustion temperature of         a lithium battery, the temperature exteriorly of the container         10 will be significantly less than 950 degrees.     -   Within the interior 18 of the container, the intense heat         generated by the burning batteries, that burn well above 1100         degrees will likely ignite adjacent batteries within the         interior 18 of the container 10. As such, a fire in a single         battery may lead to a thermal runaway that causes other         batteries within the interior 18 of container 10 to also catch         on fire. This fire will give off heat and pressure, especially         when a battery explodes. As discussed above, the pressure will         be vented by a gap through which gas can pass that is formed in         the construction of the container, or else by a traditional         pressure release valve that allows gas to pass if the pressure         within the interior space exceeds a pre-determined threshold.     -   Notwithstanding the high heat generated within the interior 18         of the container 100, the exterior environment E of the         container 10 will not rise above the predetermined threshold         combustion value of batteries in adjacent containers, due to the         heat absorbing material being able to absorb the heat generated         by the burning batteries 14 within the shipping container 10. As         such, this thermal blocking by the heat absorbing material 36         serves to effectively contain the fire and excessive heat within         the interior 18 of the container 10, and prevents the exterior         environment E of the container from getting too hot.     -   In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the device         10 can be designed so that the heat absorbing material is         sufficient in it heat absorbing and thermal blocking capacity so         as to ensure that the exterior atmosphere of the container does         not rise above the 953 degree combustion threshold point of         lithium batteries in adjacent containers, when lithium batteries         within the interior 18 of the container catch fire.     -   Although the cell 80 in FIG. 2A is shown as being generated         rectangular in configuration, it will be appreciated that the         cells 80 can take on a variety of shapes, depending upon how the         cells are formed in the partition member.     -   It is important that the thermal barrier covering materials 28,         32 are made from the fire resistant material, for if they caught         fire, the heat generated by the fire of the barrier panels 28,         30, could cause temperatures exteriorly of the environment E of         the container 10 to also rise appreciably. Additionally, if the         thermal barrier panels 28, 30 caught on fire, the heat from the         fire so created could be enough to cause the container         structural panels 16 to catch on fire, thus allowing heat to         come in close proximity to adjacent containers. Arguably, this         heat could be sufficiently intense so as to cause nearby         containers to catch on fire, thus igniting nearby batteries         therein causing further thermal runaways.     -   During initial testing of the container 10, unexpected results         were obtained as it relates to the ability of the container 10         to contain a fire. It has been reported that lithium-ion         batteries ignite at about 953° F. and can reach temperatures         that exceed 1100° F. while burning. During tests of the         container 10 disclosed herein, fires exceeding 1400° F. have         been introduced into the internal cavity 18 and the container 10         was sealed for 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes while the         fires were left to burn themselves out. In particular, road         flares, which do not require oxygen to burn, were introduced         into the internal cavity 18.     -   After the tests were conducted, while there were burn marks on         the fire resistant layers of material 28, 32 the thermal barrier         24 was capable of prohibiting burning of the outer panel members         16 of the container 10. As such, all of the flames from the fire         were contained within the interior cavity of the container 10.         Thus, the container 10 disclosed herein is capable of         prohibiting lithium-ion battery fires ignited within the         internal cavity 14 from spreading beyond the container 10         thereby increasing the safety of shipping lithium-ion batteries.     -   An alternate embodiment shipping container 100 is shown in FIGS.         6-9. Shipping container 100 has a configuration that is somewhat         reminiscent of a steamer trunk, or shipping container of the         type used by bands who perform on the road to house their         amplifiers, drums and other musical instruments during         transportation. Preferably, the shipping container 100 includes         a plurality of structural panels that are made from a light but         strong fire resistant metal material such as aluminum or         titanium. Alternately, the panels can be made from a fire         resistant plastic.     -   Although the container 100 can be made of any size, in one most         preferred embodiment the container has a square cross section         about a horizontal plane and a rectangular cross section about a         vertical plane such that the width and length of the container         (without metal feet or top members) as approximately 390         centimeters, and the height is approximately 265 centimeters.     -   The alternate embodiment container 100 includes a base member         103 that is removably coupled to a lid 105. The lid 105 is         removable from the base member 103 so that both the thermal         barrier (not shown) and the cargo such as the batteries 14 can         be placed within the hollow interior (not shown) of the         container 100.     -   As the container 100 is rectangularly cuboid, it includes four         side panels 106 of generally equal size, along with a base panel         103, that is generally square in configuration. The lid 105         includes a top panel 116 and four skirt panels 118 that are         disposed in a generally perpendicular relation to the top panel         116 and extend downwardly therefrom. A lip member may be formed         on the edge of the skirt panel member to engage the upper edge         of the base member side wall 106. As shown in FIG. 9, the skirt         panel members overlap the upper portion of the side panel, and         an engagement seal 131 is provided for sealingly engaging the         reinforced top edge 135 of the side panel member 106.     -   Reinforced bottom corner members 122 are placed at the         intersection of the bottom panel 104 and the side panels 106.         The reinforced corner members 122 also include lower depending         feet 124 that help to provide a stable engagement with the rest         surface such as a floor or lower container for the particular         container 100.     -   Additionally, reinforced corner members 128 are attached to the         lid at the corners where the top panel 116 meets the skirt         members 118. Preferably, as is shown in FIG. 8, the top corner         panel members include a receiving area that is designed to         receive the feet 124 of a container placed on top of the         particular container to help lock the upper container onto the         lid of the lower container so that it is able to resist         movement.     -   A plurality of latch members 136 (here shown as four) are         coupled to the front and back side panel members and include a         hook and loop latch mechanism for engaging the lid 105 to the         base 104 in a manner wherein the lid and base will stay         connected and resist separating apart. The latch members 136 can         be designed to be lockable if so desired.     -   First and second handles, 140, are placed on the side panel         members, and include a handle for making it easier to lift and         carry the container 100. A pressure relief valve 142 is provided         that includes a gas passageway that extends between the interior         cavity of the container 100 and the environment E in which the         container is disposed to prevent an over pressure situation         within the interior of the container 100 of the type that might         cause the container 100 to explode. By venting pressure, such an         explosion can be avoided. Additionally, a hydroscope 145 is also         provided on the container 100.     -   In operation, the container 100 operates generally similarly to         the container 10 shown in the other figures. Although not shown         in the drawings, a thermal barrier, similar to the thermal         barrier 24 as shown in connection with FIG. 1A, can be disposed         within the interior of an alternate embodiment container 100.     -   Presented below is a description of the flowable polymer based         heat absorbing material that is used in the thermal barrier 24         described above.

Polymer-Based Heat Absorbing Material

The polymer-based heat absorbing material of the present invention comprises a superabsorbent polymer (SAP). SAPs are water-absorbent materials that are capable of absorbing between about 40 and about 400 times their weight in water. Superabsorbent polymers are produced by adding to a reaction mixture of linear polymers a cross-linking agent which forms two- and/or three-dimensional bonds between the linear molecules. The effect of this cross-linking is to immobilize the linear molecules. Their affinity for water is not reduced, but now water must be absorbed within the cross-linked structure. The polymer itself does virtually nothing to prevent or extinguish combustion, but rather insulates and immobilizes entrapped water that would otherwise either evaporate or run off the combustion surface, in either case becoming ineffective in preventing a fire.

In one embodiment, the SAP is formulated as a liquid emulsion, preferably an oil and water emulsion, more preferably a water and mineral oil emulsion. While such emulsions are desirable because they keep the components uniform, they can eventually separate into hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers given enough time without agitation. It is, therefore, advantageous to convert the emulsion to a water-containing paste, which is not susceptible to phase separation, using high shear with additional water. It is further desirable to irradiate the emulsion to induce cross-linking of the SAP with the mineral oil. By varying the parameters of these processes, both viscosity and molecular weight of the resulting material can be customized. An example of such a preferred material is NOCHAR's P215™. In this embodiment, it will be appreciated that the material can include other cross-linking agents in addition to the mineral oil.

The resultant water-containing paste is then used to insulate the box described herein. In the event of an internal Li-battery fire, the paste functions to effectively and efficiently extract heat out of the system due to the high heat capacity of the water in the paste. The result is that the fire is contained within the box and extinguished. In a cargo situation, this ensures that the fire does not spread to adjacent cargo and, ultimately, to the transit vehicle itself.

Examples of superabsorbent polymers include crosslinked polyacrylates and their derivatives, such as polyacrylamide and polyacrylate salts (i.e. sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate), polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymers, and starch-grafted polymers. Polyacrylate salts such as sodium polyacrylate or potassium polyacrylate can absorb up to about 500 times their weight in water, or more. However, because they are salts, their absorption capacity is greatly dependent on the impurities in the water. For example, “hard water,” or water with a relatively high concentration of calcium or magnesium ions, lowers the absorption capacity of potassium polyacrylate because the ions disrupt bonding between the polymer and water. Polyacrylamide is not as affected by hard water, but does not have as high an absorption capacity as the polyacrylate salts. Polyacrylamide is known to be able to absorb between about 20 times and about 400 times its weight in water. However, even at absorption capacities as low as 100 times its weight in water, polyacrylamide can still absorb enough water to be an effective fire-retardant.

In other embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer is a polymer of hydrophilic monomers, such as acrylamide, acrylic acid derivatives, maleic acid anhydride, itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethyl acrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate, tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-tert-butyl amino ethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or 2-acrylamido-2 methylpropanesulfonic acid derivatives, as disclosed in US patent publication no. 2009/0069496 A1 (p. 2 paras 18-19). The superabsorbent polymer can also be a co-polymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid derivatives or a terpolymer of an acrylate salt, acrylamide, and a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) salt. The salts may generally be any monovalent salt, such as sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts.

Berg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,626, also describes suitable superabsorbent polymers (see column 6, line 47 to column 8, line 53). As disclosed by Berg et al., SAPs include cross-linked polymers prepared from polymerizable, unsaturated, acid-containing monomers, including olefinically unsaturated acids and anhydrides that contain at least one carbon to carbon olefinic double bond. More specifically, these monomers include olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides, olefinically unsaturated sulfonic acids, and mixtures thereof.

Some non-acid monomers may also be used to prepare the precursor particles herein. Such non-acid monomers can include, for example, the water-soluble or water-dispersible esters of the acid-containing monomers as well as monomers which contain no carboxyl or sulfonic acid groups at all. Optional non-acid monomers can thus include monomers containing the following types of functional groups: carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid esters, hydroxyl groups, amide-groups, amino groups, nitrile groups and quaternary ammonium salt groups. These non-acid monomers are well known materials and are described in greater detail, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,663 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,817.

Olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid anhydride monomers include the acrylic acids typified by acrylic acid itself, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-cyano acrylic acid, beta-methyl acrylic acid (crotonic acid), alpha-phenyl acrylic acid, beta-acryloxy propionic acid, sorbic acid, alpha-chloro sorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chloro cinnamic acid, beta-steryl acrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxyethylene and maleic acid anhydride.

Some superabsorbent polymer materials for use in the present invention include a carboxyl group. Examples of these polymers include hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymers, partially neutralized starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymers, starch-acrylic acid graft copolymers, partially neutralized starch-acrylic acid graft copolymers, saponified vinyl acetate-acrylic ester copolymers, hydrolyzed acrylonitrile or acrylamide copolymers, partially crosslinked products of any of the foregoing copolymers, partially or completely neutralized polyacrylic acid, and partially crosslinked products of partially neutralized polyacrylic acid. These polymers may be used independently or in the form of copolymers formed from a mixture of two or more of such monomers.

Some superabsorbent polymer materials are crosslinked products of partially neutralized polyacrylic acids and starch derivatives therefrom. For example, the solid SAP particles can comprise from about 50% to about 95%, or about 75% neutralized crosslinked polyacrylic acid, e.g., poly (sodium acrylate/acrylic acid).

The polymer materials are crosslinked to an extent such that the polymer is water-insoluble. The crosslinking serves to render the polymers substantially water-insoluble and in part serves to determine the absorptive capacity of the polymers. Suitable cross-linking agents are known in the art and include the di- or poly-functional molecules capable of cross-linking polyacrylic acid and/or metal salts of polyacrylic acid by reaction with the acrylic or acrylate functional groups of the polymer. Such cross-linking agents include diglycidyl ethers, dialcohols, and diamines. In general, the cross-linking agent should be water-soluble and possess reactivity with the polymer such that cross-linking occurs in a controlled fashion in the temperature range of about 50° C. to about 150° C. Suitable cross-lining agents include ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and diglycidyl ethers of (poly) ethylene glycols. One such agent is ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE), a water-soluble diglycidyl ether. Additional cross-linking agents are disclosed in EPO 450 923 A2 (Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co.).

Erdner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,515, also describes suitable superabsorbent polymers (col. 4, line 8 to col 8, line 61). As disclosed by Erdmer et al., SAPs are generally lightly crosslinked hydrophilic polymers as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,669,894 and 5,559,335. SAPs can differ in their chemical identity, but all SAPs are capable of absorbing and retaining amounts of aqueous fluids equivalent to many times their own weight, even under moderate pressure. For example, SAPs can absorb one hundred times their own weight, or more, of distilled water.

SAPs are available in a variety of chemical forms, including substituted and unsubstituted natural and synthetic polymers, such as hydrolysis products of starch acrylonitrile graft polymers, carboxymethylcellulose, crosslinked polyacrylates, crosslinked and partially neutralized copolymers of isobutylene and maleic anhydride, saponification products of vinyl acetate-acrylic acid copolymer, sulfonated polystyrenes, hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene oxides, polyvinylpyrrolidones, and polyacrylonitriles.

An SAP typically is neutralized at least about 25 mole percent, preferably at least about 50 mole percent, and usually about 70 to 80 mole percent, to achieve optimum absorbency. Neutralization can be achieved by neutralizing the acrylic acid monomer before polymerization of the monomer, or the polymer can be neutralized after the polymerization reaction is substantially complete. After polymerization and internal crosslinking of the monomer, followed by partial neutralization, e.g., 50-100 mole percent neutralization, preferably 70 to 80 mole percent neutralization, the polymer is subdivided, e.g., shredded or chopped, for more efficient drying, then dried and milled to a desired particle size. The polymer can then be surface crosslinked and again dried to form the final product.

The SAP can be an acidic water-absorbing resin or a basic water-absorbing resin. Monomers useful in the preparation of an SAP are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,750 and WO 01/68156, each incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiment, the SAP comprises an acidic or a basic water-absorbing resin neutralized about 25% to about 100%, i.e., has a degree of neutralization (DN) of about 25 to about 100.

The SAP can be anionic (an acidic water-absorbing resin) or cationic (a basic water-absorbing rein) in nature. The anionic SAPs are based on an acidic water-absorbing resin. The anionic SAPs, either strongly acidic or weakly acidic, can be any resin that acts as an SAP in its neutralized form. The acidic resins typically contain a plurality of carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, and/or sulfuric acid moieties.

In some embodiment, the SAP is an acidic water-absorbing resin neutralized 25% to 100%. The acidic water-absorbing resin can be a single resin or a mixture of resins. The acidic resin can be a homopolymer or a copolymer. The identity of the acidic water-absorbing resin is not limited as long as the resin is capable of swelling and absorbing at least ten times its weight in water, when in a neutralized form.

The acidic water-absorbing resin typically is a lightly crosslinked acrylic resin, such as lightly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid). The lightly crosslinked acidic resin typically is prepared by polymerizing an acidic monomer containing an acyl moiety, e.g., acrylic acid, or a moiety capable of providing an acid group, i.e., acrylonitrile, in the presence of an internal crosslinking monomer, i.e., a polyfunctional organic compound. The acidic resin can contain other copolymerizable units, i.e., other monoethylenically unsaturated comonomers, well known in the art, as long as the polymer is substantially, i.e., at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, or up to 100%, acidic monomer units.

Ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid anhydride monomers useful in the acidic water-absorbing resin include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, α-chloroacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, β-methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), α-phenylacrylic acid, β-acryloxy-propionic acid, sorbic acid, α-chlorosorbic acid, angelic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chlorocinnamic acid, β-stearylacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, furmaric acid, tricarboxyethylene, and maleic anhydride. Acrylic acid is one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid for preparing the SAP.

Ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomers include aliphatic and aromatic vinyl sulfonic acids, such as vinyl sulfonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid, vinyl toluene sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylic and methacrylic sulfonic acids, such as sulfoethyl acrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl sulfonic acid, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid. Phosphate-containing acidic resins are prepared by homopolymerizing or copolymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing a phosphoric acid moiety, such as methacryloxy ethyl phosphate. An extensive list of suitable SAP-forming monomers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,663.

The anionic SAPs can be, for example, a poly(acrylic acid), a hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymer, a starch-acrylic acid graft copolymer, a saponified vinyl acetate-acrylic ester copolymer, a hydrolyzed acrylonitrile copolymer, a hydrolyzed acrylamide copolymer, an ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, an isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a poly(vinylsulfonic acid), a poly(vinyl-phosphonic acid), a poly(vinylphosphoric acid), a poly(vinylsulfuric acid), a sulfonated polystyrene, and mixtures thereof. One anionic SAP is a poly(acrylic acid).

The polymerization of acidic monomers, and copolymerizable monomers, if present, most commonly is performed by free radical processes in the presence of a polyfunctional internal crosslinking monomer. The acidic resins are crosslinked to a sufficient extent such that the polymer is water insoluble. Crosslinking renders the acidic resins substantially water insoluble, and, in part, serves to determine the absorption capacity of the resins. For use in absorption applications, an acidic resin is lightly crosslinked, i.e., has a crosslinking density of less than about 20%, less than about 10%, or about 0.01% to about 7%. An internal crosslinking monomer can be used in an amount of less than about 7 wt ° %, and typically about 0.1 wt ° % to about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of monomers.

Examples of internal crosslinking monomers include, but are not limited to, polyacrylic (or polymethacrylic) acid esters represented by the following formula (I),

wherein x is ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, cyclohexyl, hexamethylene, 2-hydroxypropylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂— or

wherein n and m, independently, are an integer 5 to 40, and k is 1 or 2, and bisacrylamides, represented by the following formula (II), CH₂═CH—C(═O)—NH(CH₂CH₂NH)₁C(═O)—CH═CH₂  (II) wherein I is 2 or 3.

The compounds of formula (I) are prepared by reacting polyols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, polyethylene glycol, or polypropylene glycol, with acrylic acid or meth-acrylic acid. The compounds of formula (II) are obtained by reacting polyalkylene polyamines, such as diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine, with acrylic acid. Specific crosslinking monomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,091. Examples of crosslinking agents are pentaerythritol triallyl ether, pentaerythritol triacrylate, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N′-methylenebismethacrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate.

Analogous to the acidic resin, a basic water-absorbing resin, i.e., cationic SAP, useful in the present SAP-clay particles can be a strong or weak basic water-absorbing resin. The basic water-absorbing resin can be a single resin or a mixture of resins. The basic resin can be a homopolymer or a copolymer. The identity of the basic resin is not limited as long as the basic resin is capable of swelling and absorbing at least 10 times its weight in water, when in a charged form. The weak basic resin can be present in its cationic form, i.e., about 25% to 100% of the basic moieties, e.g., amino groups, are present in a charged form. The strong basic resins typically are present in the hydroxide (OH) or bicarbonate (HCO₃) form.

The basic water-absorbing resin typically is a lightly crosslinked resin, such as a poly(vinylamine) or a poly(dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylamide). The basic resin also can be, for example, a lightly crosslinked polyethylenimine, a poly(allylamine), a poly(allylguanidine), a poly(dimethyldiallylammonium hydroxide), a quaternized polystyrene derivative, a guanidine-modified polystyrene, a quaternized poly((meth)acrylamide) or ester analog. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,965. The lightly crosslinked basic water-absorbing resin can contain other copolymerizable units and is crosslinked using an internal crosslinking monomer, as set forth above with respect to the acidic water-absorbing resin. Examples of basic resins include a poly(vinylamine), polyethylenimine, poly(vinylguani dine), poly(dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide) (poly(DAEA)), and poly(dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide) (poly-(DMAPMA)).

A basic water-absorbing resin used in the present SAP typically contains an amino or a guanidino group. Accordingly, a water-soluble basic resin also can be crosslinked in solution by suspending or dissolving an uncrosslinked basic resin in an aqueous or alcoholic medium, then adding a di- or polyfunctional compound capable of crosslinking the basic resin by reaction with the amino groups of the basic resin. Such crosslinking agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,965. Crosslinking agents also are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,787, and in EP 450 923. Examples of crosslinking agents are ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE), a water-soluble diglycidyl ether, and a dibromoalkane, an alcohol-soluble compound.

Copolymerizable monomers for introduction into the acidic resin or the basic resin, include, but are not limited to, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, C₁₋₄alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, vinyl acetate, methyl vinyl ether, and styrenic compounds having the formula:

wherein R represents hydrogen or a C₁₋₆alkyl group, and wherein the phenyl ring optionally is substituted with one to four C₁₋₄alkyl or hydroxy groups.

Suitable C₁₋₄alkyl acrylates include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Suitable C₁₋₄alkyl methacrylates include, but are not limited to, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and the like, and mixtures thereof or with C₁₋₄alkyl acrylates. Suitable styrenic compounds include, but are not limited to, styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, t-butyl styrene, and the like, and mixtures thereof or with C₁₋₄alkyl acrylates and/or methacrylates.

Any polymerization initiator known for use in preparing SAPs can be used. Examples of useful initiators are redox and thermal initiators, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,049. The redox and thermal initiators can be used singly or in suitable combination. Specific initiators are a redox initiator comprising ammonium persulfate and sodium hydrogen sulfite, and azo initiators, such as azobisisobutyronitrile and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride, commercially available under the tradename V-50 from Wako Chemicals U.S.A., Inc., Richmond, Va. The initiator typically is used in an amount, calculated as solids, of about 0.1% to about 10%, based on the weight of the acrylic acid monomer, or about 0.5% to about 5%, based on the weight of the monomer. Depending on the amount and kind of the initiator, the initiator optionally can be used together with isopropyl alcohol, an alkyl mercaptan, or other chain transfer agent to control the molecular weight of the poly(acrylic acid).

Ultraviolet (UV) light also can be used to effect polymerization of acrylic acid. UV light can be used in conjunction with a redox initiator and/or a free radical initiator. When UV light is utilized in the polymerization step, a photoinitiator also is added to the reaction mixture in an amount well known to persons skilled in the art. Suitable photoinitiators include, but are not limited to, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(hydroxyethyoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, which is commercially available from Ciba Additives of Hawthorne, N.Y., as IRGACURE 2959, and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, which also is commercially available from Ciba Additives as DAROCUR 1173.

Industrial processes useful for preparing the SAP component include all processes customarily used to synthesize SAPs, as described, for example, in Chapter 3 of “Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology,” F. L. Buchholz and A. T. Graham, Wiley-VCH (1998). A suitable process for polymerizing the acrylic acid is aqueous solution polymerization, wherein an aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and polymerization initiator is subjected to a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction by the addition of an internal crosslinking monomer, such as methylenebisacrylamide.

-   -   Although various embodiments have been described as having         particular features and/or combinations of components, other         embodiments are possible having a combination of any features         and/or components from any of embodiments as discussed above. As         used in this specification, the singular forms “a,” “an” and         “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly         dictates otherwise.     -   While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail         in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be         considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it         being understood that all changes and modifications that come         within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A shipping container configured for shipping thermally active materials, the shipping container comprising: a plurality of structural panels defining a container interior configured for receiving the thermally active materials, and an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed, wherein said plurality of structural panels includes at least a top panel, a bottom panel, and four side panels interconnected with one another to form the container interior for receiving the thermally active materials, wherein the structural panels comprise a fire retardant material; at least one thermal barrier member for placement between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is placed, the thermal barrier member including a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier exterior panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity; a flowable, polymer-based heat absorbing material disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the four side panels each include a respective thermal barrier member; and wherein the shipping container is configured withstand combustion of the thermally active materials to a temperature of at least 953° F.
 2. The shipping container of claim 1, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer that is hydrated with water, and wherein the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymer.
 3. The shipping container of claim 1, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer that is hydrated with water, and wherein the superabsorbent polymer is cross-linked with an oil.
 4. The shipping container of claim 3, wherein the oil comprises a mineral oil.
 5. The shipping container of claim 1, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer that is hydrated with water, and wherein said superabsorbent polymer is formed as an emulsion.
 6. The shipping container of claim 1, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer that is hydrated with water, and wherein said superabsorbent polymer is formed as a paste.
 7. The shipping container of claim 6, wherein the paste comprises oil and water.
 8. The shipping container of claim 1, wherein the structural panels are comprised of a fire retardant chip board, and wherein the thermal barrier interior panel is comprised of a fire resistant material.
 9. The shipping container of claim 1, further comprising a pressure relief member.
 10. A shipping container configured for shipping thermally active materials, the shipping container comprising: a plurality of structural panels defining a container interior configured for receiving the thermally active materials, and an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed, at least one thermal barrier member for placement between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is placed, the thermal barrier member including a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier exterior panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity, and a flowable, polymer-based heat absorbing material disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbentpolymer that is hydrated with water, wherein the superabsorbentpolymer is cross-linked with an oil.
 11. The shipping container according to claim 10, wherein the oil is a mineral oil.
 12. A shipping container configured for shipping thermally active materials, the shipping container comprising: a plurality of structural panels defining a container interior configured for receiving the thermally active materials, and an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed; at least one thermal barrier member for placement between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is placed, the thermal barrier member including a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier exterior panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the thermal barrier interior panel is comprised of a fire resistant material; and a flowable, polymer-based heat absorbing material disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the polymer-based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbent polymer that is hydrated with water, wherein the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymer.
 13. A shipping container configured for shipping thermally active materials, the shipping container comprising: a plurality of structural panels defining a container interior configured for receiving the thermally active materials, and an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed, and wherein the structural panels are comprised of a fire retardant composite material; at least one thermal barrier member for placement between the thermally active materials and the environment in which the shipping container is placed, the thermal barrier member including a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier exterior panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the thermal barrier interior panel is comprised of a fire resistant material; a flowable, polymer-based heat absorbing material disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the polymer based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbentpolymer that is hydrated with water, wherein said superabsorbentpolymer is formed as an emulsion.
 14. The shipping container of claim 13, wherein the emulsion comprises water and oil, and wherein the fire retardant composite material further comprises a chip board.
 15. The shipping container of claim 14, wherein the oil is a mineral oil.
 16. The shipping container of claim 13, wherein the emulsion comprises water, oil and superabsorbentpolymer cross-linked with mineral oil.
 17. A shipping container configured for shipping, lithium batteries, the shipping container comprising: a plurality of fire retardant structural panels defining a container interior configured for receiving the lithium batteries, and an exterior disposed adjacent to an environment in which the shipping container is placed; at least one thermal barrier member for placement between the lithium batteries and the environment in which the shipping container is placed, the thermal barrier member including a thermal barrier interior panel and a thermal barrier exterior panel defining a heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the thermal barrier interior panel is fire resistant; a flowable, polymer-based heat absorbing material disposed within the heat absorbing material receiving cavity, wherein the polymer based heat absorbing material comprises a superabsorbentpolymer that is hydrated with water, wherein said superabsorbentpolymer is formed as a paste; and wherein the shipping container is configured to isolate combustion of the lithium batteries and prevent transfer of such combustion to adjacent containers.
 18. The shipping container of claim 17, wherein the paste comprises oil and water.
 19. The shipping container of claim 18, wherein the oil is a mineral oil.
 20. The shipping container of claim 17, wherein the paste comprises water, oil, and superabsorbentpolymer cross-linked with mineral oil. 